Europe West | ATLAS of Plucked Instruments |
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Europe (West) Here is the first page of Europe - the Western
side : We start with the important guitar countries
of Spain and Portugal, together with
their islands in the Atlantic Ocean, on which similar instruments are
played (including the Portuguese speaking Cape Verde, which would otherwise
have been in the Africa page). Both Spain and Portugal "exported"
in the 17th century via sailors their plucked instruments, which by
then still had only 4 and 5 courses. This is the reason why so many
South American instruments still have 4 or 5 (double) courses.
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top | Spain | ||||||||||||||||||||
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flamenco
guitar The flamenco guitar is usually quite similar in size, tuning and appearence to the classical guitar (see guitars early). In general the difference will be that it is slightly lighter and therefore sounds a bit sharper (less sustain).
The playing of the flamenco guitar is usually quite virtuous, with left hand pulling-off and hammering-on for superfast passages, and right hand rolling fingers, damping with the hand, tapping on the front, etc. Often a capodastre is used, to ease the use of open strings when playing in other modes to ease the singers voice. Flamenco is a style of singing and dancing, which seems to have origins in Indian ragas, but also with lots of Arabian influence. For more information about Spanish instruments, see Tamborileros (in Spanish). |
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guitarro
/ guitarrico
For more information about Spanish folk instruments see Lachacona.com. |
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bandurria
The bandurria is a small mandolin-like instrument, but differently tuned, and used for the popular Spanish Rondalla music. The bandurria can also be found in other countries - mainly in South America, but surprisingly also on the Philippines (see S.E.Asia).
It has 6 double metal courses, and is tuned in 5-5-5-5-5
(frets): It is the smallest instrument of the Rondalla group, which also includes a (normal 6-string) guitar, a standing bass and a laud (bigger, and tuned an octave lower than the bandurria - see under). Playing is with a plectrum, mainly playing the melody lines.
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laud
The laud is the bigger size bandurria, used to play in Rondalla music. The shape is very typical for this instrument. A similar instrument is played on the Philippines (see S.E.Asia) and Cuba (see AmericaCentral). The laud is made like a guitar, with a flat back. The body has often a wavy outline on the sides, but you can also find them in a teardrop shape. The soundholes are usually two f-holes with a central teardrop, but nowadays they also make them with a guitar-like round soundhole. As with the bandurria the strings run over a
saddle on the glued-on bridge, then through holes in the bridge to a
metal stringholder on the edge of the body.
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top | Portugal | ||||||||||||||||||||
In
Portugal the (Spanish) guitar is quite popular; however here
it is called viola de fado (when played with the guitarra
portuguesa) or guitarra classica (in solo concerts). In
Brazilian Portuguese it is called violão. The electric
guitar is always called guitarra. A typical
detail for ALL Portuguese instruments is the lack of purfling to protect
the edge of the soundboard : the decorative inlay lines are always a
bit away from the edge, leaving the edge itself unprotected. |
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guitarra
portuguesa The (Spanish) guitar is in Portugal called the viola (see under). The guitarra is a mandolin shaped instrument, which is a descendant of the English guitar (see page cittern). The special - very typical - peghead with tuningmachines is based on the ones used by the 18th century English guitar maker Preston, and by some German Waldzittern. The guitarra is made like a guitar, but in a wide teardrop shape. It has a flat back, which is slightly smaller than the front, so the sides are slanting near the neck joint. The fingerboard is raised above the front, and usually quite rounded. It may have a small scratchplate next to the large round soundhole.
The metal strings run from the loop on the tuning machines over a rather high loose bridge (made of wood or plastic) to a row of pins on a metal stringholder at the edge of the body. There are nowadays two main types of guitarra
:
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viola de fado Besides the guitarra portuguesa the Portuguese
Fado is also accompanied by a normal looking classical guitar,
called a viola de fado. The main difference with a normal classical guitar is that the viola de fado does not have nylon strings, but steel strings. Also : the rosette is often different from the spanish-style rosette. Sometimes it has a small narrow piece of pickguard at the right side of the strings between soundhole and bridge. The tuning of the viola de fado is like a normal
guitar.
Sometimes a 4-string acoustic bass guitar (violão baixa) is also part of the instruments to accompany the Fado singer (man or woman). |
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violas All violas are made like a normal guitar, but the fretboard stops at the edge of the body, and is flush with the soundboard.
Most violas are strummed to accompany singing. Notice that all violas have a 3/4 size equivalent, called requinto. |
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viola
braguesa The viola braguesa is the most well-known viola of Portugal. It is typical of northwestern Portugal around the town of Braga, between the Douro and Minho Rivers. So it is also called viola da Braga. The sound hole of a viola braguesa is usually
a half circle with two teardrops on top (like a smiling face), but some
may have a normal round soundhole. The bridge has a decorative "mustache",
with two glued-on leaves on both sides.
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viola
amarantina The viola amarantina
is called after the northern town of Amarante in Minho Province.
The bridge is similar to the viola braguesa, with two glued-on leaves on both sides. This makes it different from the similar looking viola de dez cordas of Cape Verde and from the viola da terra used on the Azores, which both have a straight bridge. Usually there is also some inlay decoration beneath the bridge, in the shape of a flower with leaves. The tuning of the 5 metal strings of the viola amarantina
is in 5 courses :
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viola
toeira The viola toeira is from the area of Beira Litoral and is especially used around Coimbra. The main identification points are the horizontal oval shaped soundhole, a rather slender body shape, and the 12 strings. Three strings are made of brass (12, 11 and 5th) and two are wound (10 and 7th). Courses 4 and 5 are triple. The bridge often has some glued-on leaves on both sides, and some inlay beneath the bridge - but neither seems standard. The 12 strings of the viola toeira are in a
guitar-like tuning with 5 courses :
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viola
beiroa The viola beiroa is from the area of Castelo Branco, and can be easily identified. It has a very tight slim waist, with 10 strings on the tuning head and 2 extra (drone) strings fitted to the left side of the neck (near the body).
The viola beiroa usually has a bridge with "upturned" moustaches and not much extra decoration.
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viola
campaniça The viola campaniça is from the area of Baixo Alentejo, mainly in the region of Vila Verde de Ficalho. The viola campaniça has a tight slim waist and 10 strings, so it looks much like the viola beiroa, but it misses the two short strings. It usually has some decoration of three stylised leaves under the bridge. The bridge has some extensions, ending in a square star shape. Nowadays the round soundhole is decorated with star-like inlay. The tuning head is flat, with friction pegs or machine tuners. Often there are still 12 of them, but only 10 are used for the 5 double courses (originally the 4th and 5th course were triple).
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cavaquinho
The cavaquinho [pronounced : kah-vah-keen-you]
is the small guitar of Portugal. It is made like a small Spanish
guitar, but the soundhole, bridge and tuning head may follow any
of the types mentioned above under the violas and guitarra.
Although it is the same size as a ukulele, notice that the 4 strings are made of metal, and tuned sometimes like a' a' c#'' e'', or like d' b' g'' d''. The cavaquinho is the grandfather of the ukulele : it first went to Madeira (in 1854, to become the braguinha) and then on to Hawaii (in 1879) to become the ukulele.
Cavaquinhos are also used in Cape Verde and Brazil (see there). |
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bandolim
The bandolim is the Portuguese mandolin.
It comes (like the mandolin) in different sizes : bandolineta
/ bandolim / bandoleta / bandoloncelo / bandola. The bandolim has the normal 4 double courses
of metal strings, and is tuned and played like a normal mandolin.
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banjolim
The banjolim is the Portuguese banjo and comes in different sizes and with a different number of strings. Often also with different names, like viola banjo / banjolim / banjola / banjo de acordes / banjo trompete. There are banjos of cavaquinho-size
with 4 single strings. Usually the body of these banjo's is made of a round wooden box (side and back), in which the "drum" with the metal rim and the skin front, are fixed with a screw. The body of the banjo trompete (which is about the same size as the banjolim,) is made of metal (front and side together), with a wooden back.
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timple
On the west coast of Africa (near Morocco) are the (Spanish) Canary Islands. Here a special kind of cavaquinho exists : the 5-string timple. It is mainly made and used on the island of Lanzarote, and has similarities with the 16th century renaissance guitar. The timple has a strong vaulted back (which
can also be found on the Mexican vihuela and some South American
charangos). Usually the flat peghead is with friction pegs
or tuning machines from the back. It is played by strumming chords, to accompany singing, usually in large folk groups, with guitars.
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braguinha
On the Portuguese island of Madeira (just north of the
Canary islands, more towards Portugal) they use three typical guitar-like
instruments, that differ from the mainland Portuguese instruments. Note
especially that the extra saddle in front of the bridge is not used
on the Madeira instruments. The construction of a braguinha is like a tiny guitar, with a flat back and 4 metal strings. The tuning head can be flat with friction pegs from the back, or double slotted like a guitar, with tuning machines. Sometimes the top half of the front is covered with different wood, like a scratchplate, but often it looks like a small rajão, so also with a raised fingerboard. The guitar-like bridge is glued to the front. The tuning of the 4 metal strings is d' g' b' d'' (the 5-string banjo tuning). The braguinha is played by strumming chords, to accompany folk singing.
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rajão
The rajão is the slightly bigger relative of the braguinha, with 5 courses. It is locally still known by its old name : machete, or machete de rajão. The rajão is made like a small guitar,
with a raised fingerboard. It has a flat tuning head with friction pegs
from the back or a double slotted tuning head with normal guitar-like
tuning machines (2x3). The guitar-like bridge is glued to the front. The rajão is played by strumming chords, to accompany folk singing.
The short story about the birth of the ukulele
is that both the braguinha and the rajão sailed
in 1879 to Hawaii. Here the ukulele developed, by getting its
size from the braguinha, and its tuning from the rajão.
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viola
de arame (da Madeira) On Madeira they use besides the normal guitar (called violão) the viola, here with 9 metal strings in 5 courses (the second course is a single string). The viola de arame (or viola da Madeira)
looks quite a lot like a normal spanish guitar (but a bit smaller
and more slender), with a raised fingerboard and a glued-on bridge (so
no separate strip, although you may see them on some older models).
The tuning head can be flat, with friction pegs from behind, or double
slotted like a guitar, with tuning machines on both sides.
The guitar-like bridge is glued to the front. The 9 strings are tuned in 5 courses in open G tuning
: gG dD gg b d'd'. |
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viola
da terra On the Portuguese islands of the Azores (northwest of Madeira, in the Atlantic Ocean) two special violas exist. One is the viola da terra, mainly found on the island São Miguel, so another name for it is viola Micaelense.
The tuning head can be any shape of a viola, and sometimes it has a narrow strip of mirror in the middle. It has 12 metal strings, in 5 courses in a kind of open
g-tuning :
For lots of information see this article medium.
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viola
da terceira This viola is typical of the Azorean island of Terceira, and thus called viola da Terceira, or viola Terceirense. It comes in a version with 15 strings and one with even 18 strings. This viola is the only one with more than 5 courses. The viola da Terceira is very much like a guitar, (also in size and tuning) with a raised fingerboard. Tuning is with friction pegs from behind, or with normal guitar-like tuning machines.
15-string viola da terceira 18 string viola da terceira
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top | Cape Verde | |||||||||||||
The republic
of Cape Verde ("Cabo Verde") is a collection of small vulcanic
islands off the coast of west Africa; therefore it should have been
on the Africa page. However, I have put it on this page of West Europe,
as it has more a relation with the Portuguese instruments than the African
ones. |
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cavaquinho
The cavaquinho on Cape Verde is usually more like the bigger size cavaquinho from Brazil (or even larger !), than the slender one from Portugal (although the string length for all is more or less the same). On the island Santo Antão I saw some smaller ones (see the example) which are more the size of the Portuguese cavaquinho. The cavaquinhos are made like a small guitar,
and have 4 metal strings with the tuning : d g' b' d'' (so no re-entrant
tuning). The cavaquinhos are used to accompany singing by strumming and occasional a short solo.
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viola
de dez cordas Music on Cape Verde (which sounds very much like Portuguese and/or Brazilian music) is made in small groups with a guitar (violão), a violin, a (10-string) viola and a small cavaquinho. All the instruments are locally made. The rhythm strumming of chords in this group is done by the cavaquinho and the viola de dez cordas, both with thin metal strings. The viola de dez cordes ("10-string guitar") is made like a slightly smaller guitar.
The edge of the front has real purfling on the corner,
so not the Portuguese type. The fingerboard runs into the front, but
is on the same level. The bridge has a separate bone loose saddle in
front. Below the bridge is some decoration of a flower. The entire instrument
(including front and fingerboard) is varnished. The viola de dez cordas is only used for strumming. Notice that in Brazil violas are sometimes also called viola de dez cordas. |
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Irish
bouzouki In Ireland folk music is very
popular, and is often played in pubs; mainly using all kinds of acoustic
instruments that are easy to carry about, like violins and flutes. The 8 metal strings in 4 courses run over a loose wooden
bridge to a mandolin-like string fastener at the edge of the body. The irish bouzouki is used (like all other plucked
instruments in Irish music) to accompany each other and occasionally
get a solo part. For a discussion about the confusion of the names of all related mandolins and cittern - see thesession).
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